Neubauer chamber
What is Neubauer chamber? Neubauer chamber or Hemocytometer is nothing but a crystal thick slide (30 × 70mm and 4mm thickness). Recently the laboratories acquired developed counting machines and methods but this doesn’t change the fact that Neubauer chamber is the most common method used for RBCs, WBCs and platelets counting. Usually, the slide has […]
Pyrogens
What are pyrogens? One of the ways to combat disease is fever, it is considered an adaptive mechanism against infections. During a microbial infection, phagocytic leukocytes derived from the bone marrow are stimulated. Thus, they release a hormone that was referred to endogenous pyrogen long ago, and corrected later in 2004 to “pyrogenic cytokines” that […]
TRAPS
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), is one of the autoinflammatory syndromes. In fact, it is a rare autosomal dominant disease where the mutation occurs at the level of TNFRSF1A gene on chromosome 12p13. Actually, this gene encodes for TNFR1 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1). Therefore, the mutation affects the receptor structure thus disrupting […]
Autoinflammatory syndromes
Autoinflammatory syndromes (AIS) are a group of related inflammatory disorders. In fact, they are characterized by unprovoked repeated episodes of systemic inflammations that usually go with fever, rash and serositis. Most importantly, AIS are connected based on several characteristics:1– Innate immunity dysregulation2– Activation of inflammasome3– Clinical features such as fever, neutrophilic rashes, and bone or […]
Neimann-pick
One of the lysosomal storage diseases is Neimann-pick disease (NPD) which is characterized by acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD). To clarify, ASMD is a catalyser that acts on the hydrolysis reaction of sphingomyelin (SM) into phosphocoline and ceramide. Therefore, lysosomes such as macrophages are piled up with both SM and its precursor leading to hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary […]
HPV “human papillomavirus” might cause cancer
human papillomavirus or HPV is a double-stranded DNA pathogen that targets the epithelia at the level of the epithelial linings (anogenital and upper respiratory tracts) and the epidermis. Thus, this targeting proposes two types, the mucosal and the cutaneous types respectively. Cancers HPV cause in women and men: WOMEN MEN BOTH Cervix Penis Anus Vagina […]
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS)
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) belong to autoinflammatory diseases. In fact, CAPS is characterized by periodic and repeated episodes of fever, skin rash and musculoskeletal problems including arthritis. Besides, it has three subtypes that fall off under Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS):1- Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS)2- Muckle wells syndrome (MWS)3- Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular syndrome […]
Papilloma
Papilloma or squamous cell papilloma is a tumor resulting in outward extensions similar to a finger or fond. In fact, these extensions can grow anywhere that have squamous cells such as skin (cutaneous papilloma and warts), lips, oral cavity, eyelids, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, cervix, and genital tract. Although papilloma is often benign and will […]